Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

In Children

‍

• Common behaviours like inattention, impulsivity, and high activity levels are typical in kids. However, with ADHD, these behaviours stand out significantly from their peers. Inattention may appear as difficulty listening, easy distractibility, and frequent careless mistakes.
• Impulsive children may struggle to wait their turn, often interrupting others. Hyperactive kids are restless, frequently moving around or struggling to stay quiet, displaying physical restlessness by running or climbing.
• ADHD severity and noticeable behaviours vary. Some lean toward daydreaming, while others are more impulsive or hyperactive. Predominantly inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive distinctions depend on the prevalent challenges.

‍

In Adults

‍

• Adults with ADHD may face difficulties concentrating and executing plans, resulting in missed deadlines and overwhelmed feelings. Struggles with impulse control manifest in impatience, forgetfulness, mood swings, and anger outbursts.
• Symptoms encompass impulsiveness, ineffective time management, restlessness, and deficient planning. It's crucial to note distinctions between ADHD symptoms in adults and children, recognizing unique challenges and manifestations in each group.

The exact causes of ADHD remain uncertain; however, we recognize a combination of genetic predisposition and altered dopamine transport in key brain areas linked to memory and learning. Other biological factors also contribute. Some experts suggest societal changes play a role, citing stimulus overload, lack of exercise, performance pressures, and shifting family dynamics. Research on these theories is limited. Potential risk factors include maternal smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy, preeclampsia, and complications during birth.

ADHD significantly impacts various aspects of life.

• Those with ADHD are prone to accidents and self-inflicted injuries and encounter challenges at work and school.
• Adolescents with ADHD are more inclined to use addictive substances like nicotine, alcohol, and drugs, compounding existing issues. They also have a higher involvement in criminal activities than peers without ADHD.
• Developmental problems like language difficulties or reading and spelling challenges may coexist.
• Psychological issues like depression, anxiety disorders, and tic disorders can accompany ADHD in children.
• In adults, inattention, inner restlessness, forgetfulness, and emotional regulation difficulties take precedence.
• ADHD may contribute to relationship and work-related challenges.
  

Diagnosing ADHD involves a detailed evaluation by a healthcare professional, such as a paediatrician, psychologist, or psychiatrist. The process includes:

1. Symptom Assessment: Symptoms must meet the DSM-5 criteria for inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, appearing in at least two settings (e.g., home and school) and significantly impairing daily life.
2. Behavioural Evaluation: Observations and input from parents, teachers, or caregivers are gathered, often using standardized tools like the Vanderbilt or Conners’ Rating Scales.
3. Ruling Out Other Conditions: ADHD symptoms can overlap with anxiety, learning disabilities, or sleep disorders, which must be excluded.

Accurate diagnosis ensures access to effective treatments, such as therapy, medication, and educational support, to improve daily functioning.

‍

Effects of ADHD

ADHD significantly impacts various aspects of life.

• Those with ADHD are prone to accidents and self-inflicted injuries and encounter challenges at work and school.
• Adolescents with ADHD are more inclined to use addictive substances like nicotine, alcohol, and drugs, compounding existing issues. They also have a higher involvement in criminal activities than peers without ADHD.
• Developmental problems like language difficulties or reading and spelling challenges may coexist.
• Psychological issues like depression, anxiety disorders, and tic disorders can accompany ADHD in children.
• In adults, inattention, inner restlessness, forgetfulness, and emotional regulation difficulties take precedence.
• ADHD may contribute to relationship and work-related challenges.

Parents, children, and even educators may be involved in the process. Various interventions are considered depending on the severity and impact on the child's life.

• For mild cases, parent training on ADHD management might suffice, utilising guided programs or self-help materials.
• Moderate or severe ADHD, accompanied by social or school-related challenges, may necessitate additional measures like school interventions or behavioural therapy.
• Medication is an option, considering factors such as age, severity, prior therapies, and the preferences of parents and children.
• Treatment for adults depends on individual circumstances. Psychotherapy or medication may be recommended if self-strategies prove insufficient.
• Counselling typically involves psychological support, education on the disorder, and skill development for improved time management, organisation, and impulsivity control.